Mitogenome phylogeny
The brand new mitochondrial succession was a widely used molecular ong pets thirty five . In the present studies, to further clarify the latest phylogenetic interrelationships contained in this Anatidae, concatenated nucleotide sequences away from 13 PCGs and two rRNA genes have been obtained from 37 Anatidae aves, concerning the four Aythya variety, one to Netta species, that Asarcornis varieties, one to Mareca variety, 7 Anas species, three Mergus variety, you to Lophodytes kinds, about three Bucephala varieties, that Cairina types, you to Aix species, several Tadorna species, four Cygnus types, that Branta variety, four Anser species, and another Dendrocygna varieties.
In both the new Bayesian inference (BI) and you will restriction likelihood (ML) analyses, the fresh phylogenetic woods got almost similar topologies (Fig. 7, Secondary Figs. step 1 and you may dos). Both trees in the a couple analyses had been backed by good statistical thinking. As a whole, the fresh new genera Aythya, Netta, Asarcornis, Anas, Mareca, Mergus, Lophodytes, Bucephala, Cairina, Tadorna, and Aix clustered in the subfamily Anatinae, whereas the brand new subfamily Anserinae had a sibling reference to Anatinae, in addition to Cygnus, Branta, and Anser. Dendrocygna javanica, whoever erect position, elongated neck and foot, and you can obvious perching-tree behavior separate they from other Anseriformes species, diverged earlier on fundamental origin and means a brother clade so you’re able to Anatinae-Anserinae thirty-six . The topology try very similar to the results of knowledge founded on studies regarding concatenated mitochondrial nucleotide sequences away from ND2 and you will Cytb genes, in addition to which have morphological study thirty-six,37,38 .
Molecular phylogenetic research out of 37 Anatidae types created by MrBayes and you may IQ tree. Amounts next to the nodes depict rear chances (left) and you will bootstrap viewpoints (right).
Within Anserinae, types of the newest genus Anser try about Branta canadensis closely. This will be according to previous morphology-mainly based analyses 39 . The issue is much more cutting-edge towards large subfamily Anatinae. Within this subfamily, we located five uniform clades: Aythyini (Aythya + Netta + Asarcornis), Anatini (Anas + Mareca), Mergini (Mergus + Lophodytes + Bucephala), and Cairinini (Cairina + Aix + Tadorna). Cairinini was brand new sister band of any other Anatinae people, which had flirtwith been highly supported by the outcome of one’s introduce study. About Anatinae tribes, Anatini and you can Aythyini keeps nearer phylogenetic dating, and these answers are supported by morphological degree and you can phylogenetic investigation centered on a couple of PCGs 37,38 . During the genus Aythya, An excellent. americana and A beneficial. ferina had been clustered and well-offered beliefs. Meanwhile, An effective. fuligula together with clade (A. americana + A beneficial. ferina) designed a premier-supported worthy of branch. The target species, A great. baeri, additionally the clade (A. fuligula + (An excellent. americana + A good. ferina)) was clustered to the you to definitely part, suggesting the newest five types setting good monophyletic category.
Findings
The modern investigation provided the brand new mitogenome out-of A good. baeri (sixteen,623 bp, accession matter MT129533). It rounded mtDNA included thirteen PCGs, two rRNAs, twenty two tRNAs, and something CR. By way of evaluation, it was found that the fresh new genome off A beneficial. baeri presented trait series formations and you will are a little like those out of Aythya aves. Among PCGs, ND3 met with the very polymorphism and you can higher genetic length. All of our phylogenetic data predicated on mutual mitochondrial gene set (thirteen PCGs and two rRNAs) off 37 Anatidae varieties playing with BI and you will ML algorithms indicated that A. baeri try directly related to A. fuligula, Good. americana, and you will A. ferina. Indeed, we deduced these variety was monophyletic. Moreover, every genera whereby numerous species was basically read was in fact in addition to discovered to be monophyletic apart from Anas, while the that provided Mareca. The current studies will bring an essential source on the maintenance of the newest read critically endangered types plus rewarding advice to have then phylogenetic and evolutionary look towards the loved ones Anatidae.